Personal Narrative: Almost Drowning :: essays research papers

Have you ever had a moment in sentence that seems like minutes or hours even though it was only a few seconds? Have you ever seen everything before you play out in windy motion, where you are aware of everything around you, yet not knowing what was going on? I have, and as I look back on it, I feel very blessed and protected. On December 22, 01, I decided to take a little swim in our swimming pool and to the highest degree drowned. I still can remember it like yesterday. This incident almost cost me my life, I was disobedient and it still has a big effect on me now.It all started when it was my seventh birthday party. There was a certain girl I liked. So I decided to show- finish off and do crazy forget to impress her. First I tried drinking soda off the bottle provided I spilled it on the rug. Everyone laughed so hard that their heads fell off The girl I liked just sat there, not smiling. For my next attempt, I tried to wrestle my friends but I ended up prison-breaking a lamp. Everyone laughed again. I thought about what I could do to impress the girl I liked.It was finally time to swim. I finally came up with a plan and decided to swim in the deep side of the pool even though I didnt know how to swim. I knew it would work but I was also scared. As I walked to the swimming pool, everyone laughed at me again for wearing a speedo. I dived into the deep side of the pool and noticed everyone was pure(a) at me in amazement. Then I swam up and hung onto the side of the pool. Everyone was shocked and puzzled. Even the girl I liked looked surprised. When everybody left to get cake, I had to make clean up the swimming toys. Because one toy was in the middle of the deep end of the pool, I dived into the water. I picked it up and tried to swim up. My hair was stuck to the move I didnt know what to do Running out of oxygen, I tried to yell for help.

Jessica :: English Literature

JessicaJessica Our Gr sapest Evil TKAMB Prejudice is just one of the many forms of evil name in the novel ToKill A mockingbird by Harper Lee. Prejudice is found everywhere, inthe workplace, on the street, at school, everywhere. The novel takesplace in a small town called Maycomb. The town is safe of citizens wholove to gossip and people who discriminate against others. Thediscrimination is not only against those of colour, but those of lowerlass as well. They are most commonly found during the trial of TomRobinson. Harper Lee presents prejudice as an extensive problem, mostcommonly in the form of social class, race, and behavior prejudice.A persona of prejudice found in the novel To Kill A Mocking Bird would besocial class. For example, the Ewell family is considered whitetrash. Mr. Ewell is someone who will never change his ways, (31)and will always be considered this way because of several reasons. Mr.Bob Ewell is a part of this WPA organization, a type of welfareprogram. Becau se he is the very first base person to be kicked out of thisprogram because of his laziness, it shows how much of a lower class hereally is, and he is constantly bothered because of this. His several innumerate children never went to a full year of school, and workedlong and hard on the farm. Another example would be the Cunninghamfamily. The Cunningham family never took anything they cant pay plunk for (20) And when they couldnt pay back in money, they paid theirdebt back in anyway possible, whether it is labor, or nuts. Theyounger Cunningham, Walter, came for lunch at the Finchs, and Scoutbugged him more or less his unnatural usage of syrup when both Atticus andCalpurnia stopped her. Calpurnia made the comment Theres some folkwho dont eat standardized up (24) The lack of availability of syrup causedhim to pour syrup on food such as potatoes and meat. The Cunninghamfamily is well known throughout the though of Maycomb, though theyarent highly though of. Along with the Ewells and the Cunninghams,Aunt Alexandra can also be used to explain social class prejudice inTo Kill A Mockingbird. She feels that not only is she above everyone,because everyone in Maycomb, it seemed, had a streak a Drinking mottle, a Gambling Streak, a Mean Streak,(129) but Alexandra alsofeels that that is a better mother influence than Calpurnia, simplybecause she is white. This is proved throughout the novel beginning atchapter 13. She continually imposes Scout with rules and etiquette forbehaving like a proper lady, because when she grows up, shes not

Middle Passage :: History

midpoint PassageEuropean slavers altered the way that different African peck viewed angiotensin converting enzyme another and themselves. The book by Miguel Barnet, muniment of a Runaway Slave is a strong account that can be used to explore how Africans changed their perceptual experience of each other, and how this change influenced the lives of Africans in the Americas. low gear of all it is important to examine how legion(predicate) African slaves were brought to the New World. The Middle Passage is infamous route of the ships that carried slaves to the Americas. by and by the arrival to the New World, the slaves were sold or exchanged for the valuable goods. The term Middle Passage might sound somewhat romantic, but in globe it stands as a one of the nearly terrible events in history. The Middle Passage is the passage of bonded slaves from West Africa to the Americas. In the beginning, there was a trade amidst Europeans and African leaders who sold their enemies and ch ange people in exchange for unique gifts such as guns, tobacco, iron bars and etc. But at the later stages of slavery, Europeans often kidnapped Africans at the costal area of Western Africa and then sent to ships that sailed them to the New World where this new free work force was necessitate to help stabilize the new nation. The Middle Passage took about ninety days. However, there where times when few months were need to transport Africans. During the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, Africans were enured terribly. On the ship, African slaves were crammed like sardines and arrange together. In addition, Africans had to endure the terrible heat, there was little or no food provided. They were subjected to diseases that quickly spread among slaves, and many died due to unsanitary conditions. Most of the time, the sick of(p) were thrown overboard to avoid infecting others. One writer describes the terrible conditions that African slaves had to endure, In the voyage, one of every cardinal Africans died from dysentery, smallpox, or suffocation and was thrown overboard to the sharks, who reportedly followed the slave ships from the coast of Africa all the way to the New World. Also, the ships crew often enured the Africans badly they often whipped them because many of the people resisted and tried to escape from the cargo ship. On the cargo ships, there were people from various African tribes. According to Afro-Louisiana account statement and Genealogy, there were many different heathenish groups among them, the Congo, the Edo and the Yoruba/Nago, just to name few.Middle Passage HistoryMiddle PassageEuropean slavers altered the way that different African people viewed one another and themselves. The book by Miguel Barnet, Biography of a Runaway Slave is a strong account that can be used to explore how Africans changed their perception of each other, and how this change influenced the lives of Africans in the Americas. First of all it is important to exam ine how many African slaves were brought to the New World. The Middle Passage is infamous route of the ships that carried slaves to the Americas. After the arrival to the New World, the slaves were sold or exchanged for the valuable goods. The term Middle Passage might sound somewhat romantic, but in reality it stands as a one of the most terrible events in history. The Middle Passage is the passage of bonded slaves from West Africa to the Americas. In the beginning, there was a trade between Europeans and African leaders who sold their enemies and disabled people in exchange for unique gifts such as guns, tobacco, iron bars and etc. But at the later stages of slavery, Europeans often kidnapped Africans at the costal area of Western Africa and then sent to ships that sailed them to the New World where this new free work force was needed to help stabilize the new nation. The Middle Passage took about ninety days. However, there where times when few months were need to transport Afric ans. During the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, Africans were treated terribly. On the ship, African slaves were crammed like sardines and chained together. In addition, Africans had to endure the terrible heat, there was little or no food provided. They were subjected to diseases that quickly spread among slaves, and many died due to unsanitary conditions. Most of the time, the sick were thrown overboard to avoid infecting others. One writer describes the terrible conditions that African slaves had to endure, In the voyage, one of every three Africans died from dysentery, smallpox, or suffocation and was thrown overboard to the sharks, who reportedly followed the slave ships from the coast of Africa all the way to the New World. Also, the ships crew often treated the Africans badly they often whipped them because many of the people resisted and tried to escape from the cargo ship. On the cargo ships, there were people from various African tribes. According to Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, there were many different ethnic groups among them, the Congo, the Edo and the Yoruba/Nago, just to name few.

Cuban Missle Crisis Essay -- History Cuba Weapons Essays Cold War

Cuban Missle CrisisMany agree that the Cuban Missile Crisis was the endingst the macrocosm ever came to nuclear war but exactly how close did it come? The Crisis was ultimately a showdown between the join States and the Soviet joint from October 16 to October 28, 1962. During those thirteen stressful days, the worlds two biggest superpowers stood on the brink of a nuclear catastrophe. The Crisis started as a result of both the Soviet Unions fear of losing the arms race, and Cubas fear of US invasion. The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, thought that both problems could easily be solved by placing Soviet intermediate range missiles in Cuba. This deployment would double the Soviet arsenal and protect Cuba from US invasion. Khrushchev proposed this idea to Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, who, like Khrushchev, saw the strategic advantage. The two premiers worked together in secrecy throughout the late-summer and early-fall of 1962. The Soviets shipped sixty medium-range ballistic mis siles (MRBMs) along with their warheads, launch equipment, and necessary operating personnel to Cuba. When United States President, John F. Kennedy discovered the presence of these offensive weapons, he immediately organized EX-COMM, a group of his twelve most important advisors. They spent the next couple of days discussing different possible plans of action and in the long run decided to remove the US missiles from Turkey and promise not to invade Cuba in exchange for the removal of all offensive weapons in Cuba. On October 28, Khrushchev move Kennedy a letter stating that he agreed to the terms Kennedy stated, and the crisis ended. The Cuban Missile Crisis hindquarters be blamed on the insecurity of Cuba and the Soviet Union. After the United States unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Castro and end communism in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961, Castro was fearful of another US invasion. The US Armed Forces conducted a mock invasion and drafted a plan to invade Cuba to keep Castr o nervous. As a result, Castro thought the US was serious, and he was desperate to find protection. This protection came in the form of sixty Soviet medium-range ballistic missiles. (Detzer 30-32, 39, 55, 68, 87) During his presidential campaign, Kennedy repeatedly stated that the US had less missiles than the Soviets, contradicting the Pentagons claim that the opposite was true. However, during the summer of 1961, when... ...on of aerial and naval reconnaissance mission flights in Cuban airspace and waters (5) and the return of Guantanamo Naval Base to Cuba. Eventually, with the help of the UN, Castro backed down and all sides reached an agreement. A UN inspection team up was assigned to monitor the removal of the missiles and the demolition of the missile bases in Cuba. Then, the Soviet Navy shipped the missiles back to the USSR. The missiles were sent back on the decks of the ships so that American reconnaissance planes could count the missiles and make sure that all had been removed. Nine months after the crisis ended, Kennedy and Khrushchev signed an agreement to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere. This marked the beginning of what seemed to be a new willingness to cooperate and communicate. However, on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assasinated in Dallas, Texas. Eleven months later, Premier Khrushchev was removed from office by communist hard liners. (Brugioni 572-574) One cant help but wonder what would have happened if these two men had stayed in power. Maybe the same two people who brought us so close to nuclear war, now changed by the experience, could have brought us far from it.

Brian Clarks Play Whose Life Is It Anyway? Essay -- Brian Clark Whose

Brian Clarks Play Whose Life Is It Anyway?The play Whose Life Is It Anyway by Brian Clark was made into a stageplay and film. The television play was made in 1972 and the stageplays in 1978. In the play, written by Brian Clarke, the intense subscriber line of committing Voluntary Euthanasia is discussed.The main point of the play, Ken Harrison, once an imaginative, devotedsculptor, is involved in a terrible car crash. Following a farseeingoperation, Ken is paralyzed from the neck down he is informed that hemay never be able to move his body ever again. Brian Clark in a similar way uses different characters to show adifferent view of Kens possibilities. Dr. Emerson thinks Kens lifeis precious and should be kept at any cost, no matter what Kenswishes are. Dr. Scott also wants Ken to stay alive but values Kensopinion and thoughts more than Dr. Emerson, she thinks sympathy a lot.Dr. Travers shows a view on Kens problem, he sees it the same way asDr. Emerson, and thinks of it as a mental patient wanting to commitsuicide, and is happy to back up Dr. Emerson in a judiciary of law, andalso sees it as doing a favor for Dr. Emerson, no matter what he findswhilst talking to Ken. In order to make the play more dramatic the manage further Brian Clarkuses a dramatic point. The point is that before Ken suffered hisaccident he was happy and wanted to go on living, but at that term masses listened to him and he could fool argued a point and mountainwould have listened to it. Now that Ken finds himself in a situationwhere he doesnt want to go on living, few people want to listen tohim Only my brain functions unimpaired but even that is futilebecause I cant act on any conclusions it comes to.... ...uthanasia is fitting his decision. The lights out at the end of the playrepresents kens decision to follow euthanasia if the light would havebeen left on then he may have decided to live.Euthanasia should not be made legal because it will be easily misusedunnecessarily. Euthanas ia would not only be for people who areterminally ill, it will become non-voluntary. I also believe thatEuthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life.Emotional and mental pressures could become overpowering fordepressed or dependent people. If the choice of euthanasia isconsidered as good as a decision to receive care, loads of people willfeel guilty for not choosing death. Financial considerations, added tothe concern about being a burden could serve as powerful forces thatwould lead a person to choose euthanasia or assisted suicide.

Brian Clarks Play Whose Life Is It Anyway? Essay -- Brian Clark Whose

Brian Clarks Play Whose Life Is It Anyway?The play Whose Life Is It Anyway by Brian Clark was do into a stageplay and film. The television system play was made in 1972 and the stageplays in 1978. In the play, written by Brian Clarke, the intenseargument of committing Voluntary Euthanasia is discussed.The main patch of the play, wad Harrison, once an imaginative, devotedsculptor, is involved in a terrible car crash. Following a longoperation, Ken is paralyzed from the neck down he is informed that hemay never be able to move his body ever again. Brian Clark in a similar way uses different characters to visual aspect adifferent view of Kens possibilities. Dr. Emerson thinks Kens lifeis precious and should be kept at any cost, no matter what Kenswishes are. Dr. Scott also wants Ken to stay animate but values Kensopinion and thoughts more than Dr. Emerson, she thinks sympathy a lot.Dr. Travers shows a view on Kens problem, he sees it the same way asDr. Emerson, and thinks of it as a mental patient wanting to commitsuicide, and is happy to back up Dr. Emerson in a court of law, andalso sees it as doing a favor for Dr. Emerson, no matter what he findswhilst talking to Ken. In order to make the play more dramatic the debate further Brian Clarkuses a dramatic point. The point is that to begin with Ken suffered hisaccident he was happy and wanted to go on living, but at that timepeople get worded to him and he could have argued a point and peoplewould have listened to it. Now that Ken finds himself in a situationwhere he doesnt want to go on living, few people want to listen tohim Only my brain functions unimpaired but even that is futilebecause I cant act on any conclusions it comes to.... ...uthanasia isbecoming his ending. The lights out at the end of the playrepresents kens decision to follow euthanasia if the light would havebeen left on then he may have decided to live.Euthanasia should not be made legal because it will be easily misusedunnecessarily. Eu thanasia would not only be for people who areterminally ill, it will wrick non-voluntary. I also believe thatEuthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life.Emotional and psychological pressures could become overpowering fordepressed or qualified people. If the choice of euthanasia isconsidered as good as a decision to receive care, loads of people willfeel guilty for not choosing death. monetary considerations, added tothe concern about being a burden could serve as powerful forces thatwould lead a person to choose euthanasia or help suicide.

Project Success Factors Essay

The research on bulge out counseling has been studied for decades. Many scholars and managing directors put gravid efforts into finding out what green goddess influence childbed triumph. Through their continuing work and precious experiences, what factors dominate the victor of working classs is well documented in literature. The commit of these guide texts can help project managers to deal with difficult tasks. Moreover, it is unanimous consensus that project critical success factors atomic number 18 necessary for solicitude team to come through project objectives and ensure success.If they are well considered and addressed, and so it is more likely that a project would have more successful outcomes. On the other hand, if these factors are not rigorously taken into account, then whitethorn lead to the failure of a project. However, it is sophisticated to implement all success factors which usually involved in a broad aspect of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques. F urthermore, during the whole project life cycle, the severalize factor determining success or failure often varies in diametrical project phases.In real practice, divers(prenominal) elements contributing to the project success interact with each other. They are integrated rather than segregated. Therefore, managing a project is a challenge. charge though the approach of managing a successful project is well documented, it is extremely hard to apply in practice. In addition, there are many another(prenominal) other elements can tinge the success. When working on a project, social, economic and environmental effects should be considered. This discussion paper aims to distinguish the differences between project and project management success and find out their relationship.In addition, why the success factors often ignored in practice and other social impacts which may influence project success will be discussed. Definition of project and project management In hostelry to discus s what factors can affect the project being successful, we have to understand what a project is and what the project management is. In A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (POMBOK Guide, 2000), a project is defined as a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result.The purpose of the project is to attain its objective and then terminate. Temporary and unique are the standard features of projects. Temporary does not mean a short period of time. Some projects may last several years. It can be comprehended as every project has a beginning and will be terminated when it meets objectives. Each project is unique because it is a originative activity which has not been d unrivaled. For example, the construction of a stadium is a project. Though there are thousands of stadiums in the world, each of them has different location, design and owner etceteraThe POMBOK Guide (2000) defines the project management as the application of knowledge, skill s tools, and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. The management involves a wide range of work including scope, time, cost, quality, human resource, communications, and gamble management. Munns and Bjeirmi (1996) mention some differences between project and project management. Project can be simply defined as a task which can gather a company. In contrast, project management focus on planning and controlling the process to accomplish the task on time, within calculate and heights quality. Project and project management successDefining project success is complex, because projects feature in unique, every project success is measured in different ways. Wit (1998) pull aheads a definition that the project is considered an overall success if the project meets the technical performance specification and/or mission to be performed, and if there is a high level of satisfaction concerning the project outcome among key people in the parent organization, key peo ple in the project team and key users or clientele of the project effort. This means the type of a project determines the most important factor which affects project success at the most extent.For instance, if a project is urgent, like the Beijing National Stadium which must be completed before 2008 Olympic Games, the critical factor is considered to be time. In this case, the increase of cost can be slightly overlooked. Measuring the success of project management has many success criteria. Atkinson states that the early definition of project management success is mainly determined by achieving The exhort Triangle including cost, time and quality, which used by Oisen from the 1950 and continue to be used today (Atkinson, as cited in Oisen, 2009).Atkinson likewise mentions that employ The Iron Triangle to measure the success of project management as a discipline has not changed in almost 50 years. Even if project managements meet the success criteria, cost, time and quality, the re are many projects continue to be failed. The author suggests using the Square Route instead of the Iron Triangle. That is because the Iron Triangle only takes the limited measurement into consideration but ignores the effects on the stakeholders. This means a successful project has to symmetry the benefits of organizations and the satisfaction of stakeholders.As suggested in the Square Route, different groups of people who can receive benefits from the projects are engaged in the measurement of success (Atkinson, 2009). wherefore project critical success factors often ignored in practice? What factors can influence project success is ubiquitously documented in literatures. However, when using it, one may find out it is difficult. For one thing, it is important to distinguish the differences between project and project management success. That is because sometimes they differ in objectives. A success project may accompany by successful management. However, they are not necessari ly directly related.According to Wit (1998), although being managed on time, within budget and quality are the primary objectives in literature, many projects which have not be completed on time and within budget are lull deem to be successful. In some case, well-organized management can make a contribution rather than ensure the project success. Some projects failed caused by confound the success of project and project management. For another, to measure the success of project, the most important criteria are achieving the project objectives. In different types of projects, project managers have to make a first decision to identify the main goal.However, there are plenty of objectives involve in a project. In spite of cost, time and quality, all stakeholders should be considered. Therefore, it is a challenge to find out the most valued goal. Furthermore, each project has a distinguishing feature which cannot be easily identified by using literatures. In other words, there are no universal principles using in practice. Normally, managers should make some changes to find out more flexible and rational work when applying theoretical knowledge to real uses. Finally, the primary goals often vary during the whole project life cycle.Wit (1998) gives an example, an oil-field development project, to demonstrate the changes. In the growing stage, the primary objective is to find a site having a lot of oil reserves can be practically exploited. Then developing the oil-field in a cost efficient way becomes the key point. In the last place, improving productivity stages a significant role. The change of main goals will affect the critical success factors in different project phases. The most important factor is not set in stone. It is essential for the project management team to be well aware of these variations and make the appropriate adjustments.Other effects on project success Despite the interaction between successful management and project, social impacts, to a certain extent, influences the success project and management. As the increasing yield of international cooperation, the project management frequently engages in western and eastern cultures. Better understanding different cultural background will contribute to improve the likelihood of project and management success. Culture is defined as the beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by people in a particular society (Longman Dictionary, 2009).People living in different refinement hold a different psychological perception of wealth, time and social life etc. Those values can lead to a project management fail if they are not well-considered in managing a cross-culture project. It is obviously that language barrier is one of the significant difficulties in cross-culture project management. Nevertheless, social and political activities play an important role. Ballow (2005) state that understanding international socio-culture issues encountered in business is essentially at the heart of the issues companies will encounter in globalizing operations.For instance, China with the rapid growth of economy becomes a huge market that many international companies intend to invest in. However, the new market requests a higher demand, the understanding of Chinese agency of management. According to Pheng and Leong (2000), in contrast with western cultures, Asian people prioritize personal relationships with their business partners. They tend to avoid speaking problems out directly, in order to keep harmonious atmosphere during negotiation. Pheng and Leong (2000) mention that project managers working on international operations have to develop effective communication and interpersonal skills.What is more, they wish flexibility and adaptability to work with others who behave in diverse cultures. Many international organizations ignoring cultural differences have paid the price. With the increasing international cooperation, a project manager nee ds to understand the cultures of their project stakeholders. Conclusion It is safe to draw a conclusion that there is not a universal approach to measure project success. Key success factors are depended on project itself because each project is unique. Project critical success factors are well documented in literature, besides it is too complex to implement and balance all of them.Successfully managing a project can improve the likelihood of project success but it is not necessarily directly related. Nevertheless the key factor often changes through the whole project lifecycle. In addition, social environment affects project success in a certain degree and sometimes it plays an important role. Consequently, critical success factors are often ignored in practice these difficulties. Having flexibility and adaptability is crucial for managers to make adjustment in doing practical project.

Steve Jobs : Book Review

STEVE JOBS BY WALTER ISAACSON Dear wholly dignitaries and peers present here, Welcome to this hall, where we are all presented with the rarest fortune on see to iting ab verboten various respected and popular members of this world. On given an opportunity, I wondered what should be the theme of my speech. Should I go for the Nobel laureates or the nearly popular figurines or people who changed this world? Nobel laureates are historic, and popular people as noted are already quite popular. So, lets hear about a person who changed the way we look at engine room now. The way he drove a multibillion dollar company, the way he became a symbol of youth GODYes, Im here to talk about the authorised biography, the i-bio of the master, STEVE JOBS by Walter Isaacson. Steve Jobs The Exclusive Biography was one of the close eagerly awaited hands of the year 2011. The entertain is a journey into the life of a legend who revolutionized the way people saw technology. Walter Issacson brings to life, the innovator, the dreamer and the devil within Steve Jobs. An dogmaticly must(prenominal) read In my mind the sole purpose of reading non-fiction is to learn, and if you learn something, by definition you will be changed. So, what did I learn from this obtain? 1.I be possessed of a better understanding of Apple products and understand why they enjoy premium pricing. 2. Jobs ability to focus on only 2-3 things at once with absolute intensity. I, want numerous, have too many interests and hobbies and could benefit from a tighter focus on just a few. 3. Jobs was able to get the most from his employees, more everywhere sometimes with tactics that I wouldnt be comfortable using, including intimidation and tearing down of others. 4. His goal was to surround himself withGrade A minds. Surrounding yourself with the outgo is not a bad motto. 5. Life is short-treat time with your family as if you are aware of your short time on earth.So, How does the author portray the geni us Was he innocent? Well, to the authors credit, Walter Issacsonis a biographer and a writer. He is also the director of Aspen Institute and has been the Managing Editor of TIME. Issacson has previously pen the biographies of Henry Kissinger and Albert mentality. As abiographer of Albert Einsteinand Benjamin Franklin, Mr. Isaacson sack outs how to explicate and celebrate genius revered, long-dead genius. still he wrote Steve Jobs as its subject was mortally ill, and that is a more painful and delicate challenge. He had glide path to members of the Jobs family at a heavy time.Mr. Isaacson treats Steve Jobs as the biography of record, which means that it is a strange book to read so soon afterwardwards its subjects death. Some of it is an essential Silicon Valley chronicle, compiling stories well known to tech aficionados but interesting to a broad audience. Some of it is already quaint. Mr. Jobss root job was at Atari, and it involved the game pong. (If youre under 30, as k your parents, Mr. Isaacson writes. ) Some, like an account of the release of theiPad2, is so recent that it is hard to respect yet, scour if Mr. Isaacson says the device comes to life like the face of a tickled baby. And some is definitely intended for future generations. Indeed, Mr. Isaacson writes, its success came not just from the beauty of the hardware but from the applications, known as apps, that allowed you to indulge in all sorts of delightful activities. One that he mentions, which will be as quaint as Pong some day, features the use of a slingshot to launch angry birds to destroy pigs and their fortresses. So Steve Jobs, an account of its subjects 56 years (he died on Oct. 5), must reach across time in more ways than one. And it does, in a well-ordered, if not streamlined, fashion.It begins with a portrait of the unseasoned Mr. Jobs, rebellious toward the parents who raised him and sniffy of the ones who gave him up for adoption. (They were my sperm and egg bank, he says. ) Although Mr. Isaacson is not analytical about his subjects volatile disposition (the word obnoxious figures in the book frequently), he raises the question of whether feelings of abandonment in childhood made him fanatically controlling and manipulative as an adult. Fortunately, that glib question stays unanswered. As far-off as the making of the book, that in itself is a wondrous story.During the summer of 2009, Walter Isaacson got a phone call from Steve Jobs. It so turned out that Jobs wanted Isaacson to write a biography of him. AfterSteve JobsanointedWalter Isaacsonas his authorized biographer in 2009, he took Mr. Isaacson to see the Mountain View, California, house in which he had lived as a boy. He lodgeed out its clean design and awesome little features. He praised the developer, Joseph Eichler, who built more than 11,000 homes in California subdivisions, for making an affordable product on a mass-market scale. And he showed Mr.Isaacson the stockade fence bui lt 50 years earlier by his father, Paul Jobs. He loved doing things in good order, Mr. Jobs said. He even cared about the look of the separate you couldnt see. Mr. Jobs, the brilliant and protean creator whose inventions so utterly transformed the allure of technology, turned those childhood lessons into an all-purpose conjecture of intelligent design. He gave Mr. Isaacson a chance to play by the same rules. His story calls for a book that is clear, elegant and concise enough to qualify as an iBio. Mr. Isaacsons Steve Jobs does its solid best to hit that target.Mr. Jobs promised not to look over Mr. Isaacsons shoulder, and not to meddle with anything but the books cover. (Boy, does it look great. ) Steve Jobs asked for no right to read it out front it was published and had no control over what was being written before it was published. He also encouraged people to speak honestly. In the book Jobs sometimes speaks brutally and candidly about the people he worked along with and al so his competitors. And he expressed approval that the book would not be entirely flattering. But his legacy was at stake. And on that point were awkward questions to be asked.At the end of the volume, Mr. Jobs answers the question What drove me? by discussing himself in the past tense. His friends, colleagues and foes offer an unparalleled view of the perfectionism, warmth, artistry, obsessions, compulsions and mischief-making that modeld his approach to the innovative products and business that resulted. Within hours of Steve Jobss death in October, impromptu shrines began to appear outside Apple Stores flowers, half-eaten apples and iPhones and iPads with images of flickering candles. The man whose company had endlessly attracted a cult following was fast becoming a saint.But, no more than a day later, the backlash began. Jobs was not a saint or even a genius, just, in the words of AN Wilson, a clever backroom boy who got lucky. What Walter Isaacsons masterful biography re veals is that both the true believers and the cynics got Jobs wrong. In a warts-and-all portrait that continually had this reader recoiling in disgust at the petulant pioneers behaviour, he shows that Apples co-founder was very far from being a saint. As a teenager, he browbeats his kindly parents into displace him to a college they cannot afford then drops out after a year. After teaming up with the rilliant but naive engineer Steve Wozniak he cheats him out of his share of a bonus they get for designing a game. Ethics matter to me, the forever and a day tolerant Wozniak tells the author, but, you know, people are divergent. And as a tyrannical leader, he is any screaming at Apple staff about their appalling inadequacies or stealth their approximations and taking the credit for them before an adoring public. Throughout, we see the cranky nutriment habits, the misguided belief that a fruit diet means you only need to ware once a week and an almost wilful miss for the feel ings of others, including those of his family.But, hey, Henry Ford was not the worlds nicest man and Thomas Edison was apparently a ruthless egomaniac. Those who aspire to change the world are almost always difficult people, and Isaacson, while obeying the instructions of Jobss wife not to whitewash his life, presents a compelling case for his genius. Yes, he was a magpie, snatching the motif for the graphical user interface from bolt Parc, the iPod concept from other MP3 players, the iPad from Microsofts tablet computer. But, as he said Picasso had a saying good artists copy, great artists steal and weve always been shameless about stealing great ideas. It was what he did with those ideas that proved his genius for spotting where technology might head next and shaping it to his will. The perfectionism meant driving his executives to distraction with constant demands for tiny adjustments a different font, a paler shade of green before anything could be shipped. Jobs was not a quarter the engineer that Wozniak was or as gifted artistically as Jony Ive, the designer whose close but somewhat tortured relationship with his boss is an interesting subplot in the latter half of the book.But his notional imagination changed a series of industries computers, mobile phones, melody and, with Pixar, the movie business. His greatest creation, though, was Apple itself, a company that always wanted to be about more than technology. It is in Apples DNA that technology alone is not enough, he said at the unveiling of the iPad 2. We believe that its technology married with the humanities that makes our hearts sing. Cynics would say that it has been not the humanities or the arts but a ruthless attention to marketing and margins that has enabled Apple to put more than $70bn in the bank.But the Jobs strategy of management remained pretty constant throughout his career, and it was always centred on product not profit. At its core was complete control over hardware and computer software and of every stage of the products life cycle, from creative activity through to the retailer. We see that strategy triumph as early Apple products define home computing, then fail as Microsofts rival philosophy of licensing its software prevails. Then in 1996, with Apple on the ropes, its co-founder returns.This amazing book takes you on a rollercoaster ride into the ferociously intense personality of a passionate and creative entrepreneur whose powerful drive and vision revolutionized six industries music, personal computers, phones, animated movies, digital publishing and tablet computing. Steve Jobs also re-imagined and tried to revamp retail stores, but it did not turn out to be as revolutionary. Instead, he paved the way for an entirely new market for app based digital content. This is a book thats mainly about innovation.Steve Jobs stands tall as the sole icon of imagination, sustained innovation and inventiveness. His vision was very clear if you want to c reate value in the industry, connect technology with creativity. A company called Apple was built on this vision, which changed the entire face of technology with its imagination blended with remarkable feats of engineering. Often impelled by his demons, Jobs could make those around him lurch in despair and fury. His products and personality were interrelated and his life was cautionary and instructive at the same time.Apples rise to that put down has been characterised by a management style that is now right out of fashion the egomaniac CEO, the obsessive secrecy, the total disregard for market research, the suspicion of collaborative ventures. Walter Isaacson has written an enthralling history of the birth of our modern digital world and the company that may have done more than any other to shape it. And, in his obnoxious, smelly, ranting, impatient, intuitive, creative and inspirational Steve Jobs, he has presented us with the greatest business genius of the past 30 years. Mr. Jobs, who foundedApplewith Stephen Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in 1976, began his career as a plain contradictory blend of hippie truth seeker and tech-savvy hothead. His Zen awareness was not accompanied by an excess of calm, peace of mind or interpersonal mellowness, Mr. Isaacson says. He could stun an unsuspecting victim with an emotional towel-snap, perfectly aimed, he also writes. But Mr. Jobs valued simplicity, utility and beauty in ways that would shape his creative imagination. And the book maintains that those goals would not have been achievable in the great parade of Apple creations without that mean streak.Mr. Isaacson takes his readers back to the time when laptops, desktops and windows were metaphors, not everyday realities. His book ticks off how each of the Apple innovations that we now take for granted first occurred to Mr. Jobs or his creative team. Steve Jobs means to be the authoritative book about those achievements, and it also follows Mr. Jobs into the wilderness (and to NeXT and Pixar) after his first stint at Apple, which ended in 1985. With an avid interest in corporate intrigue, it skewers Mr. Jobss rivals, like caper Sculley, who was recruited in 1983 to be Apples chief executive and fell for Mr.Jobss deceptive show of friendship. They professed their fondness so effusively and often that they sounded like high school sweethearts at a Hallmark card display, Mr. Isaacson writes. Of course the book also tracks Mr. Jobss long and combative rivalry with Bill Gates. The slit devoted to Mr. Jobss illness, which suggests that his cancer might have been more treatablehad he not resisted early surgery,describes the relative tenderness of their last meeting. Steve Jobs greatly admires its subject. But its most adulatory passages are not about people. Offering a combination of tech criticism and promotional hype, Mr.Isaacson describes the arrival of each new product right down to Mr. Jobss theatrical introductions and the advertising campaigns. But if the individual bits of hoopla seem excessive, their cumulative effect is staggering. Here is an encyclopedic survey of all that Mr. Jobs accomplished, rich with the passion and excitement that it deserves. Mr. Jobss virtual reinvention of the music business with iTunes and theiPod, for representative, is made to seem all the more miraculous (Hes got a turn-key solution, the music executive Jimmy Iovine said. ) Mr. Isaacsons long view basically puts Mr.Jobs up there with Franklin and Einstein, even if a tiny MP3 player is not quite the theory of relativity. The book emphasizes how deceptively effortless Mr. Jobss ideas now seem because of their extreme intuitiveness and foresight. When Mr. Jobs, who personally persuaded musician after musician to accept the iTunes model, approached Wynton Marsalis, Mr. Marsalis was rightly more impress with Mr. Jobs than with the device he was being shown. Mr. Jobss love of music plays a big role in Steve Jobs, like his extreme obsession w ith Bob Dylan. (Like Mr. Dylan, he had a romance with Joan Baez.Her version of Mr. Dylans Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word was on Mr. Jobss own iPod. ) So does his extra intermediate way of perceiving ordinary things, like well-made knives and kitchen appliances. That he admired the Cuisinart food processor he saw at Macys may sound trivial, but his subsequent idea that a molded plastic covering might work well on a computer does not. Years from now, the research trip to a change integrity bean factory to study potential colors for theiMaccase will not seem as silly as it might now. Skeptic after skeptic made the mistake of underrating Steve Jobs, and Mr.Isaacson records the howlers who misjudged an unrivaled career. Sorry Steve, Heres Why Apple Stores Wont Work, Business Week wrote in a 2001 headline. The iPod will likely become a niche product, a Harvard Business School professor said. High tech could not be knowing and sold as a consumer product, Mr. Sculley said in 1987. Mr. Jo bs got the last laugh every time. Steve Jobs makes it all the sadder that his last laugh is over. Perhaps the funniest passage in Walter Isaacsons monumental book aboutSteve Jobscomes three quarters of the way through.It is 2009 and Jobs is recovering from a liver transplant and pneumonia. At one point the pulmonologist tries to put a screen over his face when he is deeply sedated. Jobs rips it off and mumbles that he hates the design and refuses to wear it. Though barely able to speak, he orders them to bring five different options for the mask so that he can pick a design he likes. Even in the depths of his hallucinations, Jobs was a control-freak and a rude sod to boot. hypothecate what he was like in the pink of health. As it happens, you dont need to every discoverable fact about how Jobs, ahem, coaxed excellence from his co-workers is here.As Isaacson makes clear, Jobs wasnt a visionary or even a particularly talented electronic engineer. But he was a businessman of astonis hing flair and focus, a marketing genius, and when he was getting it right, which wasnt always had an intuitive sense of what the customer would want before the customer had any idea. He was obsessed with the products, rather than with the bullion happily, as he discovered, if you get the products right, the money will come. Isaacsons book is studded with moments that make you go wow. Theres theAppleflotation, which made the 25-year-old Jobs $256m in the days when that was a lot of money.Theres his turnaround of the company after he returned as CEO in 1997 in the previous fiscal year the company lost $1. 04bn, but he returned it to profit in his first quarter. Theres thelaunch of the iTunes store expected to sell a million songs in six months, it sold a million songs in six days. WhenJobs died, iShrines popped up all over the place, personal tributes filled Facebook and his quotable wisdom management-consultant banalities, for the most part was passed from inbox to inbox. Thisb iography commissioned by Jobs and informed by hours and hours of interviews with him is designed to serve the cult.Thats by no means to say that its a snow-job Isaacson is all over Jobss personal shortcomings and occasional business bungles, and Jobs sought-after(a) no copy approval (though, typically, he got worked up over the cover design). But its sheer bulk bespeaks a sort of reverence, and its clear from the way its put together that theres not much Jobs did that Isaacson doesnt regard as vital to the historical record. We get a whole chapter on one cheesy ad (Think Different). We get half a page on how Jobs went about choosing a washing machine itself lifted from an interview Jobs, bizarrely, gave on the subject toWired.Want to know the patent number for the box an iPod Nano comes in? Its right there on page 347. Similarly, the empty vocabulary of corporate PR sometimes seeps into Isaacsons prose, as exemplified by the recurrence of the word passion. Theres a lot of passion in this book. Steves passion for perfection, passion for industrial design, passion for awesome products and so on. If Id been reading this on aniPad, the temptation to search-and-replace passion to turnip or erection would have been overwhelming.Isaacson writes dutiful, lumbering American password-mag journalese and suffers as did Jobs himself from a lack of sense of proportion. Chapter headings evoke Icarus and Prometheus. The one on the Apple II is subtitled Dawn of a New Age, the one on Jobss return to Apple is called The Second Coming, and when writing about the origins of Apples graphical user interface (Jobs pinched the idea from Xerox), Isaacson writes with splendid bathos There falls a sic shadow, as TS Eliot noted, between the conception and the creation. But get past all that pomp and theres much to enjoy.Did you know that the Apple Macintosh was nearly called the Apple Bicycle? Or that so obsessed was Jobs with designing swanky-looking factories (white walls, brightl y coloured machines) that he kept breaking the machines by painting them for example bright blue? As well as being a sort-of-genius, Jobs was a truly weird man. As a young man, he was once put on the night-shift so co-workers wouldnt have to endure his BO. Jobs was convinced his vegan diet meant he didnt need to wear deodorant or shower more than once a week. His on-off veganism was allied to cranky theories about health.When he rebuked the chairman of Lotus Software for spreading butter on his toast entertain you ever heard of serum cholesterol? , the man responded Ill make you a deal. You stay apart from commenting on my dietary habits, and I will stay away from the subject of your personality. That personality. An ex-girlfriend and one, it should be said, who was very fond of him told Isaacson that she thought Jobs suffered from narcissistic personality disorder. Jobss personal life is sketchily covered, but what details there are dont charm.When he got an on/off girlfriend pregnant in his early 20s, he cut her off and aggressively denied paternity though he later, uncharacteristically, admitted regretting his behaviour and sought to build a relationship with his daughter. Jobs himself was adopted, and seems to have had what Americans call issues around abandonment. He cheated his friends out of money. He cut old colleagues out of stock options. He fired people with peremptoriness. He bullied waiters, insulted business contacts and humiliated interviewees for jobs.He lied his pants off whenever it suited him reality distortion field is Isaacsons preferred phrase. Like many bullies, he was also a cry-baby. Whenever he was thwarted not being made Man of the Year by Time magazine when he was 27, for instance he burst into tears. Nowadays we are taught that being nice is the way to get on. Steve Jobs isafine counter-example. In 2008, whenFortune magazinewas on the point of running a damaging article about him, Jobs summoned their managing editor to Cu pertino to demand he spike the piece He leaned into Serwers face and asked, So, youve uncovered the fact that Im bad.Why is that news? Well.. thats the story. Sorry if I had given out a few spoilers on the book.. but they were essential to bring out the nature of an awesome personality The book is well written and an easy read. To tell the story of Jobs complete life, the cast of characters is large. Mr Isaacson identifies the importance of those he included and what influence they had on Jobs. So, in a nut shell, this book, to use a few words from Jobs dictionary, is a Must read

Functions of Retail Management

FUNCTIONS OF RETAIL MANAGEMENT When attempting to start a crease, having a keen see to iting of the goals of instruction with the main quaternary management functions is oneness key to seeing success, both with the operation and with employees. With this said, a vital part of prep of the management end will involve three important activities. The first stage, planning involves developing a systematic process for attaining the goals of the organizationLeaders make change happen through planning quite of reacting to change (EntEd 2007). The first of which will be to lay out the goals that will be set for the hypothetical sporting goods store used as the example, the help will be to create a business plan since the development of the business plan greatly helps to clarify the organizations plans and ensure that key leaders be all on the same script. Far more important than the plan document is the planning process itself (McNamara 2007).During the process of coming up with t his business plan, hopefully as a manager we arsehole begin to foresee any challenges we might face, especially if those challenges arise because of unpredictable circumstances that even the most sure planning could non predict or take measures to prevent. In short, having a process that all members present at the beginning of the organization can understand and work with in the form of a business plan is the key to success.During this planning process as we begin to decide what some of the most canonical building blocks of this business are going to be (location, inventory, costs, marketing, etc. ) and through this act of working things out together in a permanent fashion, think about coming changes and challenges should naturally occur. The four functions of Management will clearly demonstrate how the functions operate in this business operation and how, in the light of the clear situation being presented, management can avoid possible pitfalls and see how these functions op erate simultaneously and are interdependent on one another.With a unattackable business plan firmly in place and a list of goals and anticipated changes recorded and recognized, the second important function of management, organization, is necessary. Organizing brings together the nonhuman resources postulate to achieve the projects objectives. To organize is to manage It begins with the need to define requirements (Richman 2006). In order to serve this important function of management, it is necessary to use what was established in the planning stages to begin to carry out the first measures to live out the plan.As a manager, this will involve a great deal of research and personal organization as I aroma for the best strategies to carry out different petty(a)er aspects of the business plan. This is also the stage where I begin to look to my subordinates for assistance and when I give them the chance to assist with the many activities necessary before the sporting goods store op ens. This stage involves a great deal of assemblage of supplies and building processes that will sustain the store and in order to make the best use of the time spent organizing, direct will become one of the most important functions of management.As one definition states, Directing communicates the goals, purposes, procedures, and means to those who will do the work. Directing is the process of communicating the plan, whether orally or in writing (Richmond 2006). This is particularly succinct definition in terms of the sporting goods store because so much will be required to adhere to the business plan. The organization alone must be managed with attention to detail and it will be one of my primary duties to help workers understand the assess of each of their functions through careful and organized direction. by means ofout the organization process and especially as things are moving along according to the plan and the business nears opening, it is vital that directing is a main focus. Since I plan on having two managers and four employees, I want everyone to be on the same page as I am. It will be important for them to realize how every task they complete connects to the goals or the business plan so there is a sense of value and something at stake. Directing will not end at this stage or even after the business is open, it will continue to be a necessary component that I must actively keep p with in order for this sporting goods store to succeed. Controlling goes eliminate in hand with directing as it will be important for me as a manager and owner to match the tasks delegated with the business plan and goals so that I can keep firm tabs on how we are progressing. This not only involves monitoring of progress but being vigilant so that if negative changes are occurring I can resolve the issue. As Richman (2006) more succinctly puts it, when it comes to controlling, in project management terms, it involves determining variances from the approved plan, th en taking action to correct those variances. Through my fulfilling of these four important functions of management, I would be a permissive leader. For a small business like this sporting goods store that has a very small number of employees and only two other managers, it is necessary to allow everyone to have an equal hand in important decisions. While directing is a heavy(a) part of my responsibility, I would still like to allow employees and managers a great deal of leeway concerning how they perform the tasks assigned and if those decisions on how to work are not productive, only then will I step in and be directive.This is a rather democratic way to manage this store, but hopefully it will foster the sense that the few people involved have a great deal at stake since theyve personally and professional put perspicuous efforts into the business. By employing the for functions of Management effectively and in particular, emphasizing my role in directing and controlling, I can m aintain a less structured management style while still seeing profits.

Counterterrorism Strategy

The Terrorist Training Manual used by al-Qaeda not only gives its members tactical instructions but also demonstrates its members high level of commitment. Its implications include, origin of all, the position that al-Qaeda is an intricately organized, well-funded, and well-trained group well aware that they are under surveillance and know how to maintain a low profile and hedge in observers. The manuals introduction displays the organizations high level of commitment and utter lack of trust in Western governments. Its admonitions turn the tables on the West, claiming that the apostate regimes .. . know the dialogue of bullets, the ideals of assassination . . . and the diplomacy of the cannon and machine-gun (UK/BM-3). The fact that it demonizes the West shows how they believe they are right and justified and this lethal seriousness cannot be humored or easily ignored. Islam is not just performing rituals but a complete system Religion and government, worship and Jihad, ethics and dealing with people, and the Koran and sword (UK/BM-8). It defines its billing in almost holistic terms, without cynicism or differentiation between the political and spiritual.It clearly spells out the military organizations primary missions, which include assembly information on targeted people and installations, kidnapping and/or killing enemies, launching campaigns to sway public opinion against Western governments, destroying the places of amusement, immorality, and sin (UK/BM-12), and generally creating instability. Subsequently, it also offers little instructions for forging documents, handling finances, setting up urban and rural bases, avoiding detection, and upsetting targeted nations sense of security.In light of the manuals contents, authorities need to earn a strategy mindful of their sophistication, financial resources, and awareness of how Western law enforcement functions. It should focus on detection and surveillance, starting with more efficient methods of iden tifying false passports and another(prenominal) documents al-Qaeda members use for international travel. Al-Qaeda members are also trained in how to respond to immigration agents questions, which follow a set form varying this form in order to detect inconsistencies and make suspects contradict or reveal themselves would likely help.However, these measures would likely require significant training of personnel responsible for(p) for identifying false falsified papers and might necessitate changes to passports themselves. In addition, the strategy must call for improved surveillance and tracking of members movements and expenses. Al-Qaeda members use telephones sparingly, seldom befitting in large numbers, and avoid attracting law enforcements suspicions, so understanding their methods and using improved ways of keeping track of them is vital. It has to entail something more forward-looking and covert than phone taps or bugging devices (which members are trained to recognize).Wat ching their finances is important, particularly movements of large sums of money, cash transactions, and wire transfers from nations known to have an al-Qaeda presence. The fact that they study public targets means that law enforcement agencies need to be aware of anyone paying a suspicious level of attention to public facilities by reservation repeated visits without apparent purpose. Al-Qaeda members frequently study targets to determine their level of security and vulnerability, so security and law enforcement need to be aware of anyone visual aspect to linger in a public space while also seeming to study the place itself.Al-Qaeda cells depend on maintaining secrecy and avoiding law enforcement agencies attention, so a logical counterterrorist strategy would be mindful of their methods and meet them on their own terms. They rely on knowledge of authorities routines, so varying these routines and disrupting their rough-cut practices is essential to detection and deterrence. REF ERENCES Counterintelligence Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2001). Terrorist Training Manual. Washington DC Department of Justice.

Automotive E-Coat Paint Process Simulation Using FEA

By applying an electrical current, a thin pigment scoot forms veer all the surfaces in contact with the liquid, including those surfaces in recessed portions of the embody. The E-coat paint process deposits a thin paint fill on the self-propelling body under the influence of a voltage gradient of about cc to 300 volts. The water- ground E-coat paint bath is conductive with an array of anodes that extends into the bath delivering a DC current. The paint shoot down that forms has physical properties that resist corrosion (these appear hardly after the automotive body has been cured in an oven).However, as the paint film forms, its electrical granting immunity increases. In the past several years, two-dimensional (2-D) tippytoe models of the E-coat paint process have been developed for specific or limited applications. In this paper, we discuss a general three-dimensional (3-D) compensation method victimisation ALGER software. This method can simulate the formation of the E-co at film and can thus predict its thickness at any point on the surface of the automotive body.Operational variables, such as voltages and process duration, are used to simulate the time-dependent interaction among the automotive body, the increasing paint layer and the liquid thin the E-coat bath. The method is based on a quasi-static technique that accounts for the changing material properties of the paint layer. A quasi-static approach is appropriate because the time required for the electric field to be launch is much smaller than the duration of the paint deposition process.The actual time is simulated by considering a series of time steps, each of which requires an electrostatic solution. The E-coat film thickness is updated during each time step. A primary concern is how to model the changing FEE geometry due to the growth of the E-coat film. Technology has been developed that is capable of generating a film of specified thickness (as a function of position) on the automotive body. Because of symmetry along the longitudinal axis of the automotive body, only half the body was modeled.In addition, an enclosing box was constructed around the automotive body and gambols were created for the possible anode locations. Generally, there is little electrical interaction between two adjacent automotive bodies. all net electrical current that flows into the leading and trailing surfaces of the enclosing box is considered negligible. The space between the outside of this box and the automotive body will be considered as the E-coat paint bath. Furthermore, the growth of the E- coat film is assumed to be perpendicular to the surface of the automotive body at all times.Laboratory experiments can frame an accurate estimate of the deposition coefficient of the E-coat film that forms in response to the flow of electrical current. The result of interest is the flow of DC electrical current that causes the E-coat film to form. The growth of the E-coat film is dependent on the number of Coulombs that are levered. In each iteration, the FEE model is solved for electrical current flow from which the E-coat film thickness can then be calculated. The material properties for each of the elements where the E-coat film develops are also changed in response to the growth in the E-coat film thickness.Another feature of a typical automotive E-coat paint system is the use of multiple voltage zones and differing locations where the anodes are placed in the E-coat bath. These factors affect the application of voltages in the FEE model. The appropriate voltage values must be added or updated for each new iteration as required. The primary use of the method is to predict how, as the paint layer forms, the effective electrical resistance increases, which prompts the current to seek out less resistive paths.Even though the paint film that forms has drastically decrease conductivity compared to the surrounding E-coat paint bath, it is not enough to stop its continu ed growth past the optimum thickness which is generally about 25 p. A 3-D FEE model of the E-coat paint process would not only help he designers of a new automotive body obtain a more uniform paint distribution, but could be advantageous to existing assembly plants, as they explore means to reduce costs as good as make improvements to existing designs.It is well known that the layout of the anodes and the automotive body have a significant impact on the overall electrical resistance of the system, and thus the amount of current that must be delivered. In some circumstances, assembly plants are faced with the challenge of obtaining an adequate E-coat paint thickness on exposed parts of the automotive odd, while avoiding an insufficient thickness in recessed regions.The standard solution is to increase the overall voltage, which results in greater nada and material costs. The resulting E-coat paint thickness achieved on the exposed parts of the body is particularly costly because it provides for no additional corrosion protection. Using the method discussed in this paper, engineers can perform a variety of optimization exercises without incurring the high costs or risks of making operational modifications to the existing E-coat paint process at an assembly plant.

Education teaching and learning process education essay

Different literatures were studied to specify and to warrant the importance of the different keywords as they relate to the survey all bit swell as to hold a good background on the organic structure of cognition. This certainly will be good to the mistrust of the total of ICT tools in Education as they atomic number 18 just now referred as Educational Technology Tools.Technology is going an progressively influential f moldor in instruction. The recitation of computing machines and nomadic phones as complements to educational patterns atomic number 18 in reality up-to-date development in the country as we are speaking rough on-line instruction. The detonation of computing machine usage in different economic countries brought some the ICT dimension in about allthing we do these yearss. The demand of hot accomplishments and apprehension of educatees and Educators are enforcing itself as a world, besides the environment in which instruction and encyclopaedism is taking top ographic intimate is under changeless rescript every bit good as the direction of the pupils. It is of import to observe that, in order to put the context, by and large talking, there is no 1 accepted definition of what constitutes plan.Technology is the word associated with anything that aims to ease the human life through alteration. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lectures restrains technology as a pattern, the manner we do things around here . The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the border as the practical application of cognition particularly in a peculiar country and a capableness given by the practical application of cognition .2.2 Education, Teaching and larn ProcessEducation from the Webster s 1828 Dictionary read as follows The conveying up, as of a kid, direction formation of ingenuity. Education comprehends all that series of direction and subject which is intended to edify the apprehension, correct the pique, and organize the manners and wonts of young person, and suit them for utility in their hereafter Stationss. To give kids a good instruction in manners, humanistic disciplines and scientific discipline, is of import to give them a spiritual instruction is indispensable and an huge duty remainders on parents and defenders who neglect these responsibilities.Education is a construct in which Instruction, Teaching and Learning are major pillarsDirection refers to the facilitating of larning toward identified aims, talked either by an teacher or other signifiers.Teaching refers to the actions of a existent unrecorded teacher designed to leave larning to the pupil.Learning refers to larning with a position toward fixing savants with specific cognition, accomplishments, or abilities that target be applied instantly upon completion.For, instruction is any act or experience that has a formative consequence on the head, character or physical ability of an person. In its proficient sense inst ruction is the procedure by which society by choice transmits its accrued cognition, accomplishments and values from one coevals to another. However at that place has ever been a treatment on the affair of guaranting continuity of go throughing on cognition and a affair of furthering creativeness, which propels the scholars to the universe of terra incognitas and forces the coming out of it with invention and inventiveness. Both of these maps relate every bit to knowledge and attitudes, to ensureing and behaviors. They are the kernel of the teaching/learning procedure. We want creativeness, but we want it to emerge from what is known and understood. We want continuity and that excessively from what is known and understood.Learning environments in schools typically guide one or more than grownup instructors connected with a figure of pupils, normally in good defined physical stage settings. Physically it may be in a room, wide-eyed of peculiar furniture and equipment. The topo graphic point of computing machines in larning for the bulk of kids is most likely to happen in the schoolroom and, for an increasing figure, at place. However, most experts in the field of educational calculating would characterize computing machines as synergistic and therefore acknowledge them a topographic point inside the relationship constructions of the schoolroom skill environment, non merely the physical environment.The soma of study is concerned withWhat is learn and taught includes aims, content, and larning results ( the cognition, accomplishments and attitudes that pupils are intended to show ) .How this accomplishment and instruction passs concerns teaching/learning methodological analysis, learning schemes and media resources.Most teaching/learning methods and schemes involve the usage of some equipment. Some learning methods may merely include the usage of a chalkboard and chalk while others may do usage of a telecasting or overhead projector. This equipment and its usage at heart the course of study are frequently referred to as educational engineering.2.3 Educational Technology and ICTEducational engineering concerns the engineering that is used to ease the teaching/learning procedure. As such it is included in the how portion of the course of study. We could see educational engineering as the tools of the learning trade, portion of the medium used to convey the course of study. so the engineering used is determined by the intended course of study. Besides portion of the context of the course of study concerns the function of the instructor, the physical scene and the general pedagogical positions of the instructor and instruction system. These are likely to impact the engineering used and may affect the usage of computing machines.Technology give the sack be seen to be impacting the course of study both in footings of content and methodological analysis, there are a figure of cases where the course of study has been changed ascr ibable to alterations in engineering, innovation of new engineering has added content to the course of study ( e.g. engineering based on electricity ) or new engineering has make parts of the content obsolete ( e.g. utilizing reckoners alternatively of logarithms for computation ) .Information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) are a diverse set of tools and resources used to pass on, make, circulate, shop, and manage development. These engineerings include computing machines, the Internet, airing engineerings ( wireless and telecasting ) , and telephone. Nowadays there is an increasing involvement in how computing machines and the Internet can smash instruction at all percentage points. Older ICT engineerings, such as wireless and telecasting, have for over 40 old ages been used for unfastened and distance acquisition. There is a change of nomenclature that describes the ways computing machines are integrated into the acquisition procedure and in the schoolroom technolog y-mediated acquisition, computer-aided direction, distance instruction, distance acquisition, educational engineering, place acquisition engineerings, computer-based instruction, instructional engineering, multimedia, communications systems, Web-based acquisition, educational multimedia applications, and computer-mediated communicating etc are merely a sample of those. This variableness in nomenclature is non a affair of dissension among look for workers, but merely implies that engineering is a word that is used to depict different things to different people. Technology is a term that is used by many an(prenominal) to depict, survey, and measure the assorted ways computing machines are integrated into instruction, both inside and outside the schoolrooms.2.4 Integrating Technology in TeachingFurthermore, there is no consensus about what constitutes engineering in larning or learning. However, the common nexus tends to be some usage of the personal computing machine to help instruc tion or acquisition in some signifier or manner. These engineerings run the continuum of integrating in instruction from full single outs put on the Web to engineering integrated into a specific lesson. Though most research surveies focus on computer-based engineering, there are other learning and larning engineerings that are non computer-based. These can include overhead projectors, written document cameras, optical maser arrows, robotics, telecasting, VCR, DVD, initiation equipment, sound systems, Cadmiums, tape recordings, simulation machines, and theoretical accounts. Some research workers even consider the traditional piece of chalk and chalkboard a type of engineering.Many pedagogues have argued that the appropriate usage of ICT by pupils can help instructors in finding and providing for the anterior cognition of pupils. Further, it is normally besides argued that ICT can help pupils in prosecuting cognitively to a greater deepness with cognition spheres. That is pupils are backup maned in using the full scope of believing accomplishments within reliable contexts. This is frequently discussed in footings of cognitive taxonomies such as that provided by Bloom ( 1964 ) .Knowledge The scholar must remember information ( i.e. convey to foreland the appropriate stuff ) .Comprehension The scholar understands what is being communicated by doing usage of the communicating.Application The scholar uses abstractions ( e.g. thoughts ) in peculiar and concrete state of affairss.Analysis The scholar can interrupt down a communicating into its constitutional elements or parts.Synthesis The scholar puts together elements or parts to organize a whole. military rank The scholar makes judgements about the value of stuff or methods for a given intent.By and large talking, there is an premise that engineering Fosters larning simply by its usage in the educational procedure. Ehrmann ( 1999 ) sums up this premise really nicely Technologies such as computing machines ( or pencils ) do nt hold predetermined impacts it s their utilizations that act upon outcomes. This statement seems obvious, but many establishments act as though the mere presence of engineering will better larning. They use computing machines to learn the comparable things in the same ways as earlier, yet they expect larning results to be better. ( p. 32 )In his essay, Clark ( 1983 ) said compactly amedia are mere vehicles that deliver direction but do non act upon pupil accomplishment any more than the truck that delivers our food markets causes alterations in our nutrition ( p. 445 ) . if learning occurs as a consequence of exposure to any media, the acquisition is caused by the instructional method embedded in the media presentation. ( p. 26 )Further, he posited that different types of media could be substituted for each other, because media are non responsible for any acquisition that might take topographic point. Media are non the causal agents in the acquisition procedure instead, instructional method is the active piece or accelerator that causes larning to take topographic point. In contrast to Clark s statement, Kozma ( 1994 ) believed that the more appropriate inquiry was non whether media do influence acquisition, but will they act upon larning. He besides contended that merely because we have non naturalized a relationship between media and acquisition does non intend that one does non be. He believed that, since we do non to the full understand the relationship between media and acquisition, we have yet to mensurate it, and the failure to set up this relationship is caused in portion by our theories of acquisition, or more specifically, behaviorism, with its staple fibre premise that a stimulus causes a response. Therefore, if the stimulation is non present, there is no possibility for response. Kozma ( 1994 ) explained that in Clark s position media are merely mere vehicles or conduits for an instructional method ( stimulation ) that eli cit a response ( larning ) . Kozma argues that larning is a much more complex procedure than merely a series of stimulus-response connexions. Learning, in his position, is defined as an active, creative, cognitive and societal procedure by which the scholar strategically manages available cognitive, physical and societal resources to make new cognition by interacting with information in the environment and incorporating it with information already stored in memory ( p.8 ) . Therefore, in Kozma s position, since the definition acquisition has evolved to incarnate more of a constructive procedure, our measuring of this procedure must germinate every bit good.Still others have argued for a complete reframing of the argument over engineering and its consequence on acquisition. Jonassen, Campbell, and Davidson ( 1994 ) believed that the Clark/Kozma arguments focused excessively much on direction and media and non plenty on the properties of the scholar who finally constructs the cogni tion.With all the assorted sentiments on the relationship between engineering and acquisition, it begs the inquiry who is right? It appears that each theoretician brings an of import position to the tabular array. Clark is right that engineering has non needfully revolutionise the procedure of acquisition.Technology has non helped worlds develop a new manner to larn. Learning is still something that is performed by the person. However, in Clark s position, all an teacher would necessitate to make is implant the appropriate instructional method into his/her lesson and acquisition should take topographic point.We know, nevertheless, despite many teachers best attempts and superior instruction abilities, larning does non ever take topographic point. Kozma is besides right that we must analyze engineering and larning beyond a behavioristic context. Learning is an knowing act ( Jonnasen, 1994 ) and the human being making the acquisition should non be discounted. Research workers have e stablished that there is no important difference between larning with engineering in distance instruction classs and larning in a traditional schoolroom, but they do non discuss how human motive is influenced by engineering. This could be a really of import losing component in the argument.Which side you take in this argument accounts mostly upon how you define larning. If you subscribe to more behavioristic positions of acquisition, Clark will do more sense to you. If you conceive of acquisition as a more cognitive or constructivist procedure, you would be more likely to hold with Kozma or Jonnasen.From a pedagogical attack, Information-processing theories emerged from a subdivision of cognitive psychological science that focused on the memory and remembering procedures that enable larning. Theorist in this country explores how a individual receives information and shops it in memory. The construction of memory that allows the acquisition of something new, relate to and is built on something learned antecedently and besides how a scholar retrieves information from short-run and long-run memory and applies it to new state of affairss. The well-known information-processing theoretician, David Ausubel, proposed that the manner a scholar receives and shops information affects the utility of the information, for illustration, by reassigning current acquisition to larning other accomplishments.On the other manus, the theoretical account of the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, infers that portion of the Educator s occupation is to dispose the behavior of pupils through positive support, therefore under puting behaviour alteration techniques in schoolroom direction and programmed direction. To this we may state that, the stimulus-response interaction between pupil and engineering can be introduced through computing machines so as to help direction, by supplying drills and patterns on antecedently learned accomplishments, from pattern and tutorial parcel of land.The cog nitive constructivist, Jean Piaget s theory has two major parts one constituent that predicts what kids can and can non understand at different ages, and a theory of development that describes how kids develop cognitive abilities. The cardinal deductions to these are First, acquisition is an active procedure where direct experience, doing mistakes, and looking for solutions is critical for the assimilation and adjustment of information. The presentation of information is of import, when it is introduced as an assistance to job work outing. It functions as a tool instead than an stray arbitrary fact. Second, larning should be whole, reliable, and existent. Therefore, in a Piagetian schoolroom there is less accent on straight learning specific accomplishments and more accent is laid on larning in a important context. Technology, peculiarly multimedia, offers a huge array of such chances, with the support of educational package on videodiscs and CD-ROMs, Educators can supply a acqui sition environment that helps to parcel out out the conceptual and experiential background of the audience.The societal constructivist, L. S. Vygotsky s theory has much more room for an active and involved Educator. He claimed that the cardinal point of his psychological attack is mediation. Through mediation human cognitive growing and acquisition as equals and other members of his community engages in relationships with the stuff and societal environment. Thus the usage of engineering can be used to link pupils to each other via electronic mail, forum, newsgroups etc.Now, from here, which approach to take? Which is best suited to call forth larning? What hardware or package to utilize? There is no right or incorrect replies to these inquiries, geting hardware and package bundles will partially decide the job. It is up to the Educator, who knows the lesson aims, the expected consequences and the pupils, to take which attack to utilize and what engineering should truss to the att ack. However the finding of the engineering s worthiness for a given lesson could be answered by the undermentioned inquiriesIs the lesson content worthwhile? ( Are at that place clear aims, connected to criterions or important inquiries, etc? )Make the lesson activities engage pupils?How does engineering heighten the lesson in ways that would non be possible without it?Educators should so look for the best agencies to ease a diverseness of larning manners, and need to be competent perceivers of the societal surroundings in which scholars interact every bit good as knowing about the content to which they wish to expose scholars. Hence, pedagogues development is perfectly indispensable if engineering provided to schools is to be used efficaciously. Simply by puting computing machines in schools, supplying cyberspace installations, passing on IT hardware and package, without financing the pedagogue superior development every bit good, is uneconomical. Educators preparation of the u sage and application of engineering is the cardinal finding factor to better pupil public presentation for both knowledge acquisition and accomplishments development enabled by engineering.Information engineering professionals have an maxim that an unsupported engineering is an fresh engineering. In an article for The Chronicle of Higher Education juicyborn When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching, Jeffrey Young made the instance that a ill supported engineering is really worse than no engineering at all. He argued that giving instructors engineering without preparation has frequently done more injury than good to learning and larning. This is doubtless true. At the teacher degree without proper preparation and back up the pedagogues are faced withthe fright of embarrassment in battlefront of students and co-workers, loss of position and an profound degrading of professional accomplishments ( Russell & A Bradley 1997 )schoolroom direction troubles when utilizing ICT, partic ularly where pupil-to-computer ratios are hapless ( Drenoyianni & A Selwood 1998 Cox et Al. 1999 )deficiency of the cognition necessary to enable instructors to decide proficient jobs when they occur ( VanFossen 1999 )Educational engineering is non, and neer will be, transformative on its ain it requires pedagogues who can incorporate engineering into the course of study and utilize it to better pupil larning. In other words, computing machines can non replace pedagogues, as they are the key to whether engineering is being used suitably and efficaciously. They need to understand a motif adequate to convey its kernel to pupils. While traditionally this has involved talking on the portion, new instructional schemes put the pedagogue more into the function of class interior decorator, treatment facilitator, and manager and the pupil more into the function of active scholar, detecting the topic of the class.Even if pupils could larn independently with small or no engagement from the ir instructors on how to utilize engineering to heighten their acquisition and accomplishments development, they are extremely improbable to hold those chances if pedagogues do non allow them hold entree to the engineering. The term computer-assisted acquisition ( CAL ) has been progressively used to depict the usage of engineering in learning. Educators besides need professional development in the pedagogical application of those accomplishments to better instruction and acquisition. They should be empowered to develop their cognition and accomplishments actively and experientially, in a assortment of larning environments, both single and collaborative. This, include a assortment of larning schemes, comprehend direct direction, tax write-off, treatment, drill and pattern, tax write-off, initiation, and sharing. Therefore accent in the classs should be on the ways engineering can ease and heighten his profession lives.Educators readying plans are indispensable and as described b y kook ( 1997 ) it is the important issue to be addressed ( p.58 ) . The instructor of the hereafter will depend on the computing machine for both personal productiveness and for instructional activities. Kook lists 33 primary computing machine accomplishments for instructors, runing from voyaging the Windows desktop environment, to utilizing IRC confab, to put ining package. Kook suggests that these accomplishments should be portion of the needed classs for prospective instructors and insists that in the following century teacher instruction will be forced to suit a colossal sum of transmutation to let instructors to work efficaciously in the Information Age ( p.59 ) .Computer engineering can non be effectual in the schoolroom without instructors who are knowing about both the engineering itself and about how to utilize it to run into educational ends. The most common barrier to adequate preparation is the disbursal involved. Without preparation, nevertheless, other engineer ing disbursement has a fringy consequence ( Boyd, 1997 ) .Learning to run computing machine hardware, turning comfy with many different package applications, developing direction systems for pupil computing machine usage, and redesigning lesson programs to do usage of engineering, takes a great trade of clip. When combined with thwarting hardware bugs and package bugs, the toil can go dashing for even the most determined. Often, what stops people is one small thing that they did nt cognize how to make. If you have a room full of childs when something goes incorrect, it discourages you from seeking it once more ( Zehr, 1997, p.3 ) .Leading to the inquiry why school instructors do nt utilize, and sometimes defy, the usage of computing machines? Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) name some research-based possible accounts for instructor opposition to utilizing computing machines. These grounds include ill designed package, uncertainty that computing machines improve larning results, bitter ness of the computing machine as a equate for pupil s attending, unsupportive decision makers, increased clip and attempt required of the instructor, fright of losing control of centre phase, and fright of looking stupid. in forepart of the category.Sing the instructor s function as a continuum, Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) besides put the function of traditional lector and imparter of cognition at one store and the function of manager, observer, and facilitator at the other terminal. They so generalize that the traditional terminal of the continuum embraces an objectivist larning theory while the other terminal is likely to encompass constructivism. The instructor s position of acquisition, so, could be another beginning of opposition to classroom engineering. A instructor may be unfastened to engineering but resist the attach toing alteration in larning theory. This would propose that in add-on to supplying developing in engineering, schools and territories need to supply i nformation, preparation, encouragement, and support to instructors in traveling toward a more constructivist position of instruction. The direction should defend the alteration, policies has to be adopted as from the direction degree down to the pupils, everybody contributing and attach toing the reform for it to be successful and to be able to take out the maximal benefit. This issue is addressed with trouble, because Principals, on norm, are 50 old ages old. We ve got a coevals of people who are really barriers to the extract of engineering in school systems and are afraid of it themselves ( Quoted in Trotter, 1997, p.1 ) .It has become clear over the past decennary that simple motivational and short-workshop strategies are immensely deficient to enable veteran ( and even new, computer-generation ) instructors to learn otherwise, and to learn good with engineerings ( Hawkins and Honey, 1993 ) .The grounds suggested that instructors who use engineering in their schoolrooms are more effectual if they have received preparation, if they have district-level support and if they have a web of other computer-using instructors to portion experiences with.Swan and Mitrani province that computing machines can alter the record of instruction and acquisition at its most basic degree ( 1993 ) . We need to guarantee that we are utilizing our current cognition about the application of engineering in instruction as a footing for continuing in the hereafter.The direction has besides its portion in the integrating of the the educational engineering in the school. Policies and support plans must be initiated from the top direction and they must be portion of and attach to the alteration. The most of import barrier to this integrating is the fiscal barriers. They include the terms of hardware, package, care ( peculiar of the most advanced equipment ) , and widen to some staff development. Froke ( 1994b ) said, refering the money, the challenge was alone because of the n ature of the engineering. The initial investing in hardware is high but the costs of engineering have to portion of the cost of direction. The integrating reveals the institutional support through leading, planning and the engagement of instructors every bit good as directors in implementing alteration.

Lesson Plan in Classroom Program Essay

In our modern epoch, the time when the only things that are needed for effective learning are the teachers and students is long gone. At the turn of the millennium, the equivalence to successful teaching also has the variables of classroom account, room assignment and even proper assignment of teachers. Although these factors may seem insignificant, all of those can be the heavy elements as to whether the highest possible level of mundanity is attained. During our first teaching episode in our cooperating school, Tagum City National Comprehensive High School, I quickly took honoring about the schedule of our CT. Mam Mercados schedule is obviously loaded, with only a few minutes of break or rest in between. Her class schedule as well as room assignment was relatively reasonable (in the Philippiness educational setting). As she is assigned to teach English which is her major, it can be concluded that her students will acquire adequate learning. All these factors greatly contribut e to the effectiveness of teaching as well as learning.Having stated that, I realize that for a lesson or a curriculum will be best implemented and taught if all the necessary components, which in this case are the class program, teachers assignment and room assignment, are present and well organized. Proper organization can greatly influence and even pad up the bet and enthusiasm of the students. On the part of the teacher, it eases up the tasks to be done knowing that most of these portions which he/she cant control are put rectify in place. With that considered, the educational institution can be confident that the zenith of the teaching-leaning process is achieved.Due to some obvious reasons, we were not able to interview our CT about her Class Program. However, she shared to us how important it is to prepare a class program and implement it adaptably. With that, both the teacher andthe learners will know what to do bear as well as do next.With all that has been learned, I r ealized that there are many dynamics to be considered before effective edification can be professed. Most importantly, proper preparation and implementation of the class program should be given due concern for it can immensely feign learning.

Abnormal Psychology: Abuse, Addiction, & Disorders

mental Disorder Analysis ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY ABUSE, ADDICTION, & DISORDERS Psy 270 Jalisa Cooper February 4, 2012 Final cover Psychological Disorder Analysis Psychological disturbs flowerpot be very debilitating for those who suffer from them. Psychological disorders affect a persons ability to function normally in their daily lives. In regards to the content try out of Nicole the patient of Nicole is a 40-year- gray-haired Hispanic female who comes to the mental health clinical quetch of trouble catnaping, olfactory sensationing jumpy all of the time, and experiencing an inability to concentrate.These manifestations argon causing problems for her at toy, where she is a finance manager. Though the information in regards to Nicole is very limited and difficult to analyze, however the symptoms suggest that Nicole whitethorn be suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic underscore disorder can be difficult to diagnose and the symptoms are oftentimes unr ecognizable. Posttraumatic express disorder is an anxiety disorder which can develop from having fixd a terrifying casing or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened.Like many anxiety disorder they whitethorn bewilder jumpy and sleepless behavior depending on the anxiety disorder the respective(prenominal)istic whitethorn exact. Traumatic disorders can be triggered by stress or any other notwithstandingt that may cause the individual to develop anxiety related symptoms. A traumatic core might be military combat experience, violent personal attacks, or even car accidents. Post-traumatic disorders can be triggered by something in their sometime(prenominal) that be generated from something major or insignificant.While Nicoles profile within the cause study does non state the existence of a traumatic example end-to-end her past or break life, however I can only assume that she many have experienced something in her past that may have been triggered b y stress at work or another aspect in her life. It is third estate for the individual to withhold this information as it may be extremely difficult for them to know the event because it may be too traumatic.Victims that may have experienced an event such as rape or car accident resulting in terminal or atrocious injuries may not experience symptoms at the moment of the event however they may develop symptoms shortly or posterior after the event once it is triggered by stress or other traumatic events. Being that the case study did not present a in depth history on Nicole I would taste to gather information form the patient such as Have you experienced a traumatic event recently or in your past? This would be to gather information about the patient to that I can pin point the origin of what is causing her symptoms.The case study regarding Nicole mentions that she is a 40-year old woman that is suffering from a great deal of symptoms. According to the Demographics of Faces of A bnormal Psychology Interactive for Post-traumatic stress disorder, middle age heavy(p)s are more adversely affected than older and younger adults. In addition she is a Hispanic woman meaning for some(prenominal) disorder it is important to take into regard her culture in treating her conditions. The DSM-IV states one of the criteria of Post-traumatic stress disorder is increased levels of arousal including insomnia, irritability, and hyper vigilance. People with these disorders may feel overly alert, be easily blow out of the water, develop sleep problems, and have trouble concentrating (Comer, 2005). When suffering from PTSD and individual may begin to display symptoms of avoidance of any stimuli that is in anyway related or associated with the traumatic event. These modes many even include avoidance of thoughts, feelings and activities associated with are resemble the event. As stated in the case study Nicole mentioned that she is having complications with getting to sleep o r in general getting the significant amount of sleep needed to maintain her energy level throughout the day.Through her lack of sleep she is experiencing difficulty concentrating at her work facility, where her position requires a focused mind and attentiveness. She also experiences the feeling of beingness jumpy frequently throughout the day which relates to being easily startled or paranoid due to a past experience in relation to her current stress levels. She may have experienced something in her past that is being stimulated by her events she participate in during the day causing her to flash back to that moment and relive this event.It is common for individuals that suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder to experience a sequence of involuntary flashbacks through thoughts and even dreams, which may also be an additional reason for Nicoles lack of rest during the night. She may be involuntarily reliving her traumatic experience due to stress in her life preventing her to obt ain the comely rest that she require to function at work. The case study failed to explain her social life and the relationships she may have with others thence it does explain her detachment to her work assignments and her lack of focus to stay on task.Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms reflect emotional detachment from friends and family causing them to be unable to express loving feelings for them. Post- traumatic stress disorder individuals become hyper-vigilant which could cause them to become chronically un-alert to the things and events around them rendering them unresponsive. Which is another symptom that Nicole the case study patient displays throughout her explanation of her working abilities, she displays a lack of concentration to the tasks at hand and jumpy feeling all the time.Those that suffer from this disorder may often become startled easily and suffer from difficulty of sleeplessness. Those individuals with PTSD often develop other disorder such as depress ion substance related disorders as well as anxiety disorders. Meaning those that suffer from severe Post-traumatic stress disorders may often result to substance abuse and may of their symptoms may be influenced by the usage of these substances causing their condition to seem more extreme.As well as depression and anxiety disorders can in addition contribute to the symptoms PTSD raising the impact of apiece symptom to a high level depending on the harshness of each disorder. Many times individuals are misdiagnosed because of the commonality of symptoms between disorders. Studies have shown that 60% of adult men today have experience a traumatic even, whereas 51% of adult women have experience a traumatic event at least once in their life. It is common for many individuals that experience traumatic events sometime throughout their life to not be affected by these events.Of 50% of American that experience a traumatic event of any kind, only approximately 8% of them eventually exper ience Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms later in life. It is suggested that each event is different in their own way as well as has different impacts on each individual. There are factors that predict ones vulnerability of Post-traumatic stress disorder which would revolve around the nature of the event the individual experienced. The DSM-IV states the severity of the traumatic event in one of the leading factors that help predict whether an individual may be susceptible to later suffer from Post-traumatic stress disorder.The severe traumatic events that are more give carely to induce PTSD are the events that are prolonged traumas that often affect ones family or self directly. Secondly the more likely trauma suffer that was experiencing pre-existing anxiety symptoms long before the severe traumatic event occurred is more likely to later develop Post- traumatic stress disorder symptoms. This is because the individual has already reached a point in their life that cause them to become worrisome making them unable to handle the pressures of a traumatic event of severe magnitude without having and episodes.These individuals are unstable to get along with whatever change this event has brought on causing them to develop additional anxiety disorders. Those individuals that have a history of mental illness are way more likely to experience PTSD symptoms. Third the individuals coping techniques play a large role in ones predictability of developing symptoms of PTSD. Traumatic events can take a toll on anyone and any magnitude of the event however ones predictability of developing PTSD is based on ones ability to cope with the tragic event.The individuals that lack the ability to move past the event often fall victim to this disorder. Those that care on the details of the event are at higher risk as well as those who refuse to discuss the events at all cost. Some events such as witness to death, accidents resulting in death and disastrous events could cause one to reframe communicating and expressing their feelings about the events. By reframing from acknowledging such event has occurred I could cause a mental break. Finally support is an important factor when it comes to dealing with traumatic events much like any other disorder.Those that have a lack of support from friends, family, counseling or event therapy race to be more susceptible to the developing the symptoms of PTSD. The lack of a support network is does not yield the individual to express their problems to someone that can understand or relate. And sufferer of a post-traumatic event needs to be able to reflect and vent some other emotions to someone close. They have to be a be to feel the support and encouragement of loved ones to keep them motivated to work through whatever they are experiencing.There have been a set of therapies to design to address this disorder to properly treat the symptoms. The tether primary goals in theory are reducing the individuals fear of p rovoking stimuli. This sum that therapy will assist the individual in reducing the fear or unwillingness to address and continue activities and thoughts that trigger the traumatic event. Secondly, assisting the patient in modifying counterproductive thoughts, and lastly reducing stress are method used in therapy to assist the patient progress pass this event.The method of be reducing the individuals fear of provoking stimuli are done through systematic desensitization, which is when an individual unlearns their fear thus reversing the classical conditioning process and eliminating the cause of them requiring the fear initially. The first conformation is relaxation training of each muscle in the body while allowing the patient to then trained to calm themselves. The second phase is list of fear provoking stimuli descending from least threating and uncomfortable to more threating fears.The third phase us the desensitization phase where the patient is slightly provoke to introduce t hose thoughts or stimuli while remaining calm. It is often done through imagined stimuli and then they may introduce actual stimuli to the patient. In addition to this method therapist may use cognitive techniques which challenge ones irrational beliefs and unhealthy thoughts. Reference Comer, R. J. (2005). basic principle of abnormal psychology (4th ed. ). New York Worth. Fundamentals of Abnormal PsychologyFaces of Abnormal Psychology Interactive application at the McGraw Hill higher(prenominal) Education weave site http//www. mhhe. com/socscience/psychology/faces/http//www. mhhe. com/socscience/psychology/faces/ Melinda Smith, M. A. , and Jeanne Segal, Ph. D. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND SELF-HELP, (2011), Retrieved February 4, 2012, http//www. helpguide. org/mental/post_traumatic_stress_disorder_symptoms_treatment. htm Resources Appendix A, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, and the Faces of Abnormal Psychology Interactive application at the McGraw Hill Higher Education Web